Statistical characteristics of irreversible predictability time in regional ocean models

Probabilistic aspects of regional ocean model predictability is analyzed using the probability density function (PDF) of the irreversible predictability time (IPT) (called τ PDF) computed from an unconstrained ensemble of stochastic perturbations in initial conditions, winds, and open boundary conditions. Two-attractors (a chaotic attractor and a small-amplitude stable limit cycle) are found in the winddriven circulation. Relationship between attractor’s residence time and IPT determines the τ -PDF for the short (up to several weeks) and intermediate (up to two months) predictions. The τ -PDF is usually non-Gaussian but not multimodal for red-noise perturbations in initial conditions and perturbations in the wind and open boundary conditions. Bifurcation of τ -PDF occurs as the tolerance level varies. Generally, extremely successful predictions (corresponding to the τ -PDF’s tail toward large IPT domain) are not outliers and share the same statistics as a whole ensemble of predictions.